CWNP Blog

CWNP
August 15, 2007

Another Interframe Space: RIFS

RIFS (Reduced Interframe Spacing) is a means of reducing overhead and thereby increasing network efficiency. RIFS may be used in place of SIFS to separate multiple HT format transmissions from a single transmitter when no SIFS-separated response transmission (like an ACK) is expected. The RIFS is the time from the end of the last symbol of the previous frame to the beginning of the first symbol of the preamble of the subsequent frame as seen at the air interface. The value of RIFS for the MIMO PHY is 2us.

CWNP
August 14, 2007

Ramblings on Infrastructure Design

You hear all the time about how 802.11n is going to change everything - especially the design infrastructure. I thought I'd ramble about that a bit.

CWNP
August 13, 2007

802.11n Protection Mechanisms: Part 2

Dual CTS bit in the HT IE:

When this feature is used, beacons in a BSS have the "Dual CTS Protection subfield" set to 1. Stations will then start every TXOP with an RTS frame addressed to the AP. The AP responds to this RTS with two CTS frames. If the RTS is an STBC frame, then the first CTS is an STBC frame back to the station and the second CTS is a non-STBC frame back to the station. This assures that all STBC and non-STBC stations receive the CTS and set their NAVs accordingly. NAVs are set to cover the entire transmission process (as always), including both CTS transmissions (which is new).

CWNP
August 10, 2007

802.11n Protection Mechanisms: Part 1

When 802.11g was introduced, we had RTS/CTS and CTS-to-Self protection mechanisms. What do we get with 802.11n so that it's backwards compatible with 802.11a and 802.1b/g? First, there's a couple of new things I'd like to introduce, and then we'll get to the protection rules.

In an ERP Beacon, ERP stations look at the "ERP Information Element" to determine whether or not protection is necessary in the BSS. See my whitepaper here:
http://www.cwnp.com/learning_center/search_details.php?doc_id=l7w2 for further information.

In an HT Beacon, HT stations use the "Operating Mode" and "Non-greenfield STAs Present" fields in the HT Information Element to determine whether or not to use protection.

CWNP
August 09, 2007

Say hello to my little friends!

Now we have two new 802.11 friends called A-MSDU and A-MPDU. Their job: to make the protocol analyst's job more difficult.

A-MSDU = Aggregate MSDU
A-MPDU = Aggregate MPDU

Both can be used together, with restrictions (of course, because it's not as much fun unless you have extra rules to follow).

You can string MSDUs together - called subframes when aggregated - in the payload of a single QoS MPDU. An A-MSDU subframe structure consists of:

DA (6), SA (6), Length (2), MSDU (0-2304), Padding (0-3) -- all of the numbers are in octets

CWNP
August 09, 2007

Evaluating Readiness to Support Wireless LANs

Make certain you have solid support plans, including knowledgeable staff and the correct tools, before you give a thumbs up for that new wireless network.

CWNP
August 09, 2007

Random 802.11n Observances

The 802.11n amendment allows for up to 4x4 MIMO. That's 4 transmitters and 4 receivers working at the same time. Due to cost, nobody is building a 4x4 system. Instead, we're seeing 2x2 on the cheap stuff, 2x3 on the higher-end client radios and the lower-end APs, and 3x3 on the higher-end APs. More transmitters and receivers means better quality: better reception, higher throughput, the works. Always look for 2x3 stations and 3x3 APs whenever possible. Continue reading...

CWNP
August 07, 2007

Review of Nokia N800 for Wireless LANs

Earlier this year Nokia released an updated version of their popular Nokia N770 Internet Tablet. The N800 excels at being a small, light-weight device capable of WiFi as well as Bluetooth access to the Internet. THis is a user-based review of this great little device.

CWNP
August 07, 2007

Foraging for Goodies

In my daily foraging for goodies in the 802.11 standard, I tripped across what seemed to be something routine, but upon deeper inspection (the reading of several RFCs), it seems that PAP, CHAP, and MS-CHAP cannot be used between an authenticator and authentication server in an RSN.

CWNP
August 07, 2007

The 802.11 Frame Format: New and Improved.

When will the madness end? With 802.11n, we have a newly elongated frame format.

Frame Control: 2 octets
Duration/ID: 2 octets
Address 1: 6 octets
Address 2: 6 octets
Address 3: 6 octets
Sequence Control: 2 octets
Address 4: 6 octets
QoS Control: 2 octets
HT Control: 4 octets (new!)
Frame Body: 0-7955 octets (yeah baby!)
FCS: 4 octets Continue reading...

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